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Grandy Jury Practice: Table of Contents

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• Part I: Grand Jury Practice(Read Full Document)

  • GRAND JURY PRACTICE ……………….1
  • THE GRAND JURY’S COMPOSITION ……………..2
  • MOTION TO QUASH GRAND JURY …………2
  • ESTABLISHING A PRIMA FACIE SHOWING OF DISCRIMINATION……………………………4
    • BURDEN THEN SHIFTS TO THE GOVERNMENT …….. 5
    • IDENTIFIABLE GROUPS…………….. 6
      • African Americans:…… 6
      • Women:…….. 6
      • Young adults: ………… 6
      • Others:……….. 7
    • SELECTION OF GRAND JURY FOREPERSON MAY ALSO CONSTITUTE SUCH A DEPRIVATION:…………….. 7
    • STANDING TO COMPLAIN OF SYSTEMATIC EXCLUSION ………… 8
    • An evidentiary hearing must be provided:…………. 9
    • TIMELINESS OF THE CHALLENGE………………. 9
  • PARTICULAR GRAND JUROR NEED NOT BE PRESENT AT EVERY SESSION TO VOTE DEFENDANT TRUE BILL……11
  • PRESENCE OF UNAUTHORIZED PERSONS……………..11
  • REQUIREMENT TO PRESENT EXCULPATORY EVIDENCE………..12
  • ABUSE OF GRAND JURY……………….12
  • SECRECY…………………13
    • FEDERAL: ……………13
      • GOVERNMENT USE OF GRAND JURY MATERIALS TO DETERMINE WHETHER TO PROCEED IN A CIVIL ACTION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14
      • GOVERNMENT’S USE OF GRAND JURY INFORMATION TO PURSUE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
      • ELSEWHERE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
  • NO INTERLOCUTORY APPEAL FOR A VIOLATION OF THE RULE OF SECRECY …….16
    • FEDERAL: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
    • STATE: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..16
  • FIRST AMENDMENT ISSUES AND THE RIGHT OF A GRAND JURY WITNESSES TO THEIR OWN TESTIMONY………………………………………………………………………………………..17
  • RIGHT TO COPY OF TRANSCRIPT…………………………………………………………………………..18
  • RIGHT TO HAVE WITNESS’ GRAND JURY TESTIMONY TRANSCRIBED …………………18
    • FEDERAL: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………19
    • STATE: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19
  • PROBLEMS REGARDING GRAND JURY SUBPOENAS……………………………………………..19
    • PLACE TO APPEAR………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………19
    • SPECIFICITY IN SUBPOENA IS NOT REQUIRED…………………………………………………………………………….21
    • SERVICE OF GRAND JURY SUBPOENA…………………………………………………………………………………………21
    • WHO MAY BE SUBPOENAED?………………………………………………………………………………………………………21
      • “Targets” of Investigations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………22
      • Lawyers…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….22
    • WHERE GOVERNMENT REFUSES TO FOLLOW INTERNAL GUIDELINES………………………………….22
    • SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM: ITEMS SOUGHT MUST BE ADEQUATELY DESCRIBED………………………23
    • “OPPRESSIVENESS”, NOT “RELEVANCY”, IS THE TEST ………………………………………………………………..24
    • RULE 17 APPLICABLE IN PART TO GRAND JURY SUBPOENAS……………………………………………………..25
  • POST INDICTMENT GRAND JURY INVESTIGATION……………………………………………….25
    • THE GENERAL RULE: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….25
      • IMPERMISSIBLE TO EMPLOY THE NON-RECIPROCAL BENEFITS OF A GRAND JURY INVESTIGATION FOR DISCOVERY AGAINST AN INDICTED DEFENDANT…………………………………….27
      • STANDARD APPLIED …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..28
      • INCIDENTAL USE OF INFORMATION OBTAINED THROUGH GRAND JURY IN PENDING TRIALS…..29
      • BY HOOK OR BY CROOK ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..30
  • THE FIFTH AMENDMENT AS APPLICABLE TO GRAND JURY PROCEEDINGS ………..30
    • ANSWER NEED ONLY BE “ADVERSE” ………………………………………………………………………………………….31
    • REQUIRING A WITNESS TO INVOKE PRIVILEGE BEFORE GRAND JURY……………………………………….32
    • IT IS THE COMPELLED PRODUCTION WHICH IS PROTECTED BY THE PRIVILEGE………………………..34
    • FIFTH AMENDMENT PRIVILEGE PROTECTS AGAINST COMPELLED PRODUCTION OF RECORDS OF SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….35
    • SIZE OR DIVERSITY OF SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP NOT RELEVANT ………………………………………….36
    • CUSTODIAN OF “CORPORATE RECORDS” HAS NO “ACT OF PRODUCTION” FIFTH AMENDMENT PRIVILEGE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..37
    • REQUIRED RECORDS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………39
    • MUST HAVE “JURISDICTION” OVER CORPORATION……………………………………………………………………39
    • SOLE PROPRIETOR MAY RETAIN RIGHT TO INTERVENE AND PRECLUDE COMPELLED PRODUCTION OF RECORDS FROM EMPLOYEE…………………………………………………………………………….40
  • GRAND JURY WITNESS: …………………………………………………………………………………………41
    • MATERIAL WITNESSES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….41
  • SANCTION AND APPEAL FOR CONTEMPT……………………………………………………………..43
    • REFUSAL TO COMPLY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………43
    • CONTEMPT POWERLIMITED……………………………………………………………………………………………………….43
    • ENTITLED TO “ONE BITE” THEORY ……………………………………………………………………………………………..44
    • MOTION TO INTERVENE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..44
    • INTERVENOR HAS RIGHT TO INTERLOCUTORY APPEAL…………………………………………………………….47
    • “CONTENT” VS. “ACT OF PRODUCTION” ANALYSIS TO SUBPOENAS DUCES TECUM …………………..48
  • EFFECT OF GUILTY PLEA ON ABILITY TO INVOKE FIFTH AMENDMENT PRIVILEGE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….50
  • IMMUNIZING GRAND JURY WITNESSES………………………………………………………………..51
    • FEDERAL: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………51
    • TEXAS:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..52
    • USE IMMUNITY STATUTE [28 U.S.C. § 6002] PROHIBITS USING COMPELLED TESTIMONY IN “ANY RESPECT”…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….52
    • CERTIFICATION OF EVIDENCE OBTAINED INDEPENDENTLY OF GRAND JURY TESTIMONY ………53
    • GRAND JURY HEARING COMPELLED TESTIMONY SHOULD NOT THEREAFTER INDICT THE WITNESS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..54
    • HEARING REQUIRED PRIOR TO ISSUANCE OF ORDER GRANTING IMMUNITY? …………………………..55
    • JUSTICE DEPARTMENT OFFICIAL MUST EXPRESSLY APPROVE GRANT OF IMMUNITY ………………56
    • DISTRICT COURT HAS DISCRETION TO DENY AN ORDER WHERE SAME WOULD INFRINGE UPON CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS………………………………………………………………………………………………………….57
    • FEAR OF FOREIGN PROSECUTION……………………………………………………………………………………………….58
    • IMMUNITY STATEMENT EXPRESSLY EXEMPTS “FALSE STATEMENTS” PROSECUTION………………58
    • PRIOR STATEMENTS TO FEDERAL OFFICER………………………………………………………………………………..59
    • PRIOR INCONSISTENT STATEMENTS COULD BE USED TO PROVE INCONSISTENT TESTIMONY BEFORE GRAND JURY WAS PERJUROUS: ……………………………………………………………………………………60
    • THE IMMUNIZED WITNESS………………………………………………………………………………………………………….60
    • SEALING OF PROSECUTION’S EVIDENCE PRIOR TO TAKING IMMUNIZED TESTIMONY……………….61
    • NOT SEEK INDICTMENT FROM SAME GRAND JURY HEARING THAT COMPELLED TESTIMONY….61
    • RIGHT TO COUNSEL…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….61
    • NO ADVERSE INFERENCE FROM EXERCISE OF RIGHT TO COUNSEL……………………………………………61
    • CONSEQUENCES TO WITNESS OF COMPELLED TESTIMONY……………………………………………………….61
    • ‘GRAND JURY’S RIGHT NOT TO COMPEL TESTIMONY ………………………………………………………………….61
  • OTHER TESTIMONIAL PRIVILEGES APPLICABLE TO GRAND JURY PROCEEDINGS…..62
    • • • ATTORNEY-CLIENT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….63
        • WHERE THE VERY EXISTENCE OF THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP MIGHT BE INCRIMINATING TO A CLIENT, SAME MAY UNDER LIMITED CIRCUMSTANCES BE PRIVILEGED
          ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..63
          COURTS AND COMMENTATORS OFTEN SEPARATE THE EXCEPTIONS INTO ONE OF THREE
          CATEGORIES:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….66
          • 1. THE “LAST LINK EXCEPTION”: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….66
          • 2. THE “LEGAL ADVICE” EXCEPTION:…………………………………………………………………………………………..66
          • 3. THE CONFIDENTIAL COMMUNICATION EXCEPTION: ……………………67
      • CLIENT WITH PENDING CASE …………………………………………………………………………………………………67
      • TIMING IS EVERYTHING …………………………………………………………………………………………………………68
      • DISCUSSIONS BETWEEN AN INDIVIDUAL AND “A LAWYER REPRESENTING ANOTHER IN A MATTER OF COMMON INTEREST” ARE PRIVILEGED……………………………………………………………..69
      • JOINT DEFENSE/REPRESENTATION…………………………………………………………………………………………69
      • PRIVILEGE PROTECTS COMMUNICATIONS AT MEETING BETWEEN “PERSONS SUBJECT TO POSSIBLE INDICTMENT” AND THEIR LAWYER……………………………………………………………………….70
      • CRIME-FRAUD EXCEPTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………..71
      • IN CAMERA EXAMINATION…………………………………………………………………………………………………….73
      • MAY “PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION” ITSELF BE CONSIDERED IN……………………………………….73
      • PRELIMINARY REQUIREMENT OF RELEVANCY……………………………………………………………………..73
      • PRELIMINARY REQUIREMENT OF NEED…………………………………………………………………………………74
      • ATTORNEY SELF-DEFENSE EXCEPTION………………………………………………………………………………….75
      • GRANT OF IMMUNITY TO CLIENT DOES NOT DESTROY ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE ………75
      • STATE CHALLENGE OF ATTORNEY’S GRAND JURY SUBPOENA……………………………………………..75
      • CODE OF PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY……………………………………………………………………………77
    • DISTINCT PRIVILEGE UNDER “WORK-PRODUCT DOCTRINE” …………………………………………………….77
      • DOCTRINE PROTECTS ADVERSARY PROCESS ITSELF…………………………………………………………..78
      • WORK-PRODUCT DOCTRINE BROADER THAN ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE……………………..78
      • DOCTRINE PROTECTS ATTORNEY NOT CLIENT …………………………………………………………………….79
      • DOCTRINE APPLICABLE TO CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS…………………………………………………………..79
      • DOCTRINE APPLIES TO TESTIMONY RESPECTING A WITNESS’ ORAL STATEMENTS TO AN
      • ATTORNEY PREPARING HIS CASE FOR TRIAL ………………………………………………………………………..79
      • CRIME-FRAUD EXCEPTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………..80
      • CLIENT’S LOCATION MAY BE A PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION…………………………………………..80
    • FIFTH AMENDMENT PRIVILEGE AGAINST COMPELLED PRODUCTION OF “PRIVATE PAPERS” …..81
    • FOREIGN LAW …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….82
    • MARITAL PRIVILEGES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………82
      • [ADVERSE SPOUSAL TESTIMONY VS. MARITAL COMMUNICATIONS]……………………………………82
      • ADVERSE TESTIMONIAL PRIVILEGE VESTS IN TESTIFYING SPOUSE……………………………………..83
      • COVERS ACTS AND COMMUNICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………83
      • NEED NOT BE CONFIDENTIAL ………………………………………………………………………………………………..83
      • NO PRIVILEGE IF MARRIAGE DEFUNCT………………………………………………………………………………….84
      • CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE EXCEPTION APPLIES ONLY TO “CONFIDENTIAL COMMUNICATIONS
      • PRIVILEGE” NOT “ADVERSE TESTIMONIAL PRIVILEGE” ………………………………………………………..84
      • TESTIMONY NEED NOT BE TECHNICALLY INCRIMINATING TO BE “ADVERSE” …………………….84
      • CRUEL TRILEMMA………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….85
    • ESTABLISHING PRIVILEGE BY IN CAMERA PROFFER………………………………………………………………….85
    • FAMILY PRIVILEGE …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….86
    • PSYCHOTHERAPIST-PATIENT PRIVILEGE……………………………………………………………………………………87
  • RIGHT TO COUNSEL……………………………………………………………………………………………….87
  • DEFENDANT’S GRAND JURY TESTIMONY……………………………………………………………..89
  • GRAND JURY TRANSCRIPTS OF OTHER WITNESSES……………………………………………..90
  • REQUESTS FOR DOCUMENTS OBTAINED BY GRAND JURY ………………………………….91
  • POOR MEMORY………………………………………………………………………………………………………91
  • ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE ……………………………………………………………………………….92
  • WHAT MATTERS MAY GRAND JURY INVESTIGATE?…………………………………………….92
  • “INEFFECTIVE” BY DEFINITION……………………………………………………………………………..93
  • ADVICE OF “RIGHTS” OF GRAND JURY WITNESSES ……………………………………………..93
  • GRAND JURY REFORMS …………………………………………………………………………………………94