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Suppression of Evidence (Search & Seizure): Table of Contents

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Part V: Suppression of Evidence (Search & Seizure)

  • FOURTH AMENDMENT CASE LAW UPDATE…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
    • THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE, SUPPRESSION OF EVIDENCE, AND PROTECTING THE CITIZENRY FROM ITS PROTECTORS 1
      • THE GOOD FAITH EXCEPTION TO THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
      • EXCEPTIONS TO OFFICER’S “GOOD FAITH” RELIANCE UPON WARRANT…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2
      • “SUBJECTIVE” GOOD-FAITH INSUFFICIENT: OFFICER’S RELIANCE WAS NOT REASONABLY BASED UPON “OBJECTIVE” STANDARDS 2
      • FRANKS-TYPE MISREPRESENTATIONS IN OBTAINING WARRANT 3
      • MAGISTRATE NOT “NEUTRAL AND DETACHED” 3
      • AFFIDAVIT TOTALLY LACKING IN PROBABLE CAUSE 3
      • FACIALLY DEFICIENT WARRANT 4
      • TIMELINESS 4
      • RELIABILITY OF INFORMANT AND/OR INFORMATION: 4
      • RELIANCE ON PRECEDENT THAT WAS SUBSEQUENTLY HELD UNCONSTITUTIONAL 4
      • ANYTIME IT WOULD BE “UNREASONABLE” TO RELY ON THE WARRANT 5
      • COLLECTIVE BAD FAITH (WHAT IS GOOD FOR THE GOOSE) 5
      • OTHER CASES 5
        • -OVER BREADTH AND GENERAL SEARCH:………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
        • -NO NEXUS BETWEEN PROBABLE CAUSE AND THE PLACE TO BE SEARCHED
        • …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
      • ANTICIPATORY WARRANTS…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
      • BURDEN OF PROOF ON PROSECUTION TO DEMONSTRATE “GOOD FAITH”…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
      • GOOD FAITH RELIANCE ON SUMMONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
      • “GOOD FAITH” EXCEPTION APPLIES TO WARRANTLESS ADMINISTRATIVE SEARCHES AUTHORIZED BY STATUTE LATER FOUND UNCONSTITUTIONAL……………………………………………………………………………………. 9
      • LEON “GOOD FAITH” EXCEPTION DOES APPLY TO OTHER WARRANTLESS SEARCHES………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
      • “GOOD FAITH” EXCEPTION DOES NOT APPLY TO STATUTORY SUPPRESSION REMEDIES………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
      • GOOD FAITH MUST BE OBJECTIVE……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
      • STATES ARE FREE TO PROVIDE GREATER PROTECTIONS FOR THEIR CITIZENRY UNDER STATE CONSTITUTION AND STATUTES………………………………………………………………………………….. 11
      • SEVERAL STATES HAVE REJECTED ANY LEON “GOOD FAITH” EXCEPTION……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13
        • GOOD FAITH EXCEPTION TO A STOP…………………………………………………………………………………….. 16
      • WARRANTS 16
        • WARRANT SHOULD BE PREFERRED PRACTICE……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
        • WHO MAY ISSUE A SEARCH WARRANT?……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
        • REQUIREMENT OF PRESENTING WARRANT……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
        • FEDERAL OFFICERS HAVE LIMITED AUTHORITY……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
      • Postal Inspectors 18
      • Immigration Officers 18
      • FBI 18
      • S. Marshals 19
      • Double Duty: 19
        • STATE OFFICERS AUTHORITY TO ARREST/SEARCH……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
        • SEARCHES BY PRIVATE PERSONS……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
        • AIRLINE EMPLOYEES……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
        • TEST FOR WHETHER GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION IS SUFFICIENT TO A WARRANT FOURTH AMENDMENT PROTECTIONS………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
        • MAIL COURIERS……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
        • SCHOOL OFFICIALS……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
        • VIOLATION OF STATUTES……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
        • POSSE COMITATUS ACT……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
        • VIOLATION OF AGENCY REGULATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
        • PROCEDURAL RULES CANNOT CIRCUMVENT THE FOURTH AMENDMENT……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
    • WARRANTLESS SEARCHES: SHIFT IN SUPREME COURT’S PHILOSOPHY (“ONLY A FEW NARROWLY DEFINED EXCEPTIONS”) HAS BEEN TRANSMOGRIFIED INTO “A WIDE RANGE OF DIVERSE …FLEXIBLE COMMON SENSE EXCEPTIONS” 23
    • EXCEPTIONS TO WARRANT REQUIREMENT: 23
      • PLAIN VIEW 23
        • PLACE FROM WHICH ITEM IS OBSERVED (NOT SUCH A PLAIN VIEW)…………………………………………………………………………………….. 23
        • “PLAIN VIEW” NEED NOT BE INADVERTENT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
        • “IMMEDIATELY APPARENT” ITEM IN “PLAIN VIEW” IS EVIDENCE OF CRIME
        • …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24
        • AUDIO TAPES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 25
        • WRITINGS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 25
        • FIREARMS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 25
        • STEREO EQUIPMENT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
        • PLASTIC BAGS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
        • “PLAIN TOUCH” DOCTRINE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
        • “IMMEDIATELY APPARENT” MEANS NO MORE THAN “PROBABLE CAUSE” TO BELIEVE……………………………………………………………………….. 26
        • INVESTIGATION PRECLUDES “IMMEDIATELY APPARENT”…………………………………………………………………………………….. 27
        • SEARCH OF SEIZED ITEMS MAY STILL REQUIRE A WARRANT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 27
        • “FIELD TEST”…………………………………………………………………………………….. 28
      • EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES 29
        • DANGER TO LIVES OF OFFICERS OR OTHERS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 29
        • DESTRUCTION OF EVIDENCE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 29
        • HOT PURSUIT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
        • GOVERNMENT CANNOT CREATE ITS OWN EXIGENCY…………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
        • NO EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
      • SAFETY STATUTE MUST BE LIMITED TO ITS SAFETY PURPOSE: 31
        • PUBLIC SAFETY/EMERGENCY EXCEPTION TO WARRANT REQUIREMENT:……………………………………………………………………….. 31
        • EMERGENCY EXCEPTION LIMITED TO SAFETY PURPOSE WARRANTING INITIAL INTRUSION……………………………………………………………………….. 31
        • NO MURDER SCENE EXCEPTION TO WARRANT REQUIREMENT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
        • NO MEDICAL EMERGENCY BEYOND SCOPE OF MEDICAL NECESSITY: . 32
        • NO FIRE SAFETY EXCEPTION BEYOND FIRE SAFETY NEEDS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
        • DRUG TESTING CONSTITUTES A SEARCH:…………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
        • “…WELL MEANING BUT WITHOUT UNDERSTANDING”…………………………………………………………………………………….. 34
      • ADMINISTRATIVE SEARCHES 34
      • NO CIVIL FORFEITURE EXCEPTION TO WARRANT REQUIREMENT 36
      • FOURTH AMENDMENT DOES NOT APPLY TO SEARCHES, BY U.S. AGENTS, OF ALIEN’S PROPERTY IN FOREIGN COUNTRY: 36
    • REMEDY FOR FOURTH AMENDMENT VIOLATION OF ILLEGALLY SEIZED EVIDENCE IS MOTION TO SUPPRESS AND HEARING 37
      • PRE-INDICTMENT RETURN/SUPPRESSION OF SEIZED PROPERTY…………………………………………………………………………………….. 37
      • NECESSITY TO OBJECT AT TRIAL…………………………………………………………………………………….. 38
    • CHALLENGING THE WARRANT QUOTIENT FOR DETERMINING PROBABLE CAUSE 38
      • PROBABLE CAUSE IS STILL THE STANDARD……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 40
      • CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO GO BEHIND FOUR CORNERS OF SEARCH WARRANT AFFIDAVIT WHERE PRIMA FACIA SHOWING OF MISSTATEMENT MADE………………………………………………………………………………….. 40
        • OMISSIONS MAY CONSTITUTE MISREPRESENTATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 41
        • EVEN LITERAL TRUTHS MAY CONSTITUTE MISREPRESENTATION…………………………………………………………………………………….. 42
        • MISREPRESENTATIONS AS TO ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF WIRETAP STATUTE……………………………………………………………………….. 42
      • TO CONSTITUTIONALLY MANDATE AN EVIDENTIARY HEARING TO CHALLENGE THE VERACITY OF A WARRANT THE DEFENDANT MUST………………………………………………………………………………….. 42
      • GOVERNMENT’S RIGHT TO GO BEHIND THE FOUR CORNERS TO SHORE UP PROBABLE CAUSE………………………………………………………………………………….. 43
      • CANNOT SUPPORT WITH POST-SEARCH TESTIMONY OF INFORMATION KNOWN TO OFFICERS AT TIME OF SEARCH………………………………………………………………………………….. 43
      • SUFFICIENT PARTICULARITY……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 44
      • FIRST AMENDMENT MATERIALS TO BE DESCRIBED WITH “SCRUPULOUS EXACTITUDE”………………………………………………………………………………….. 44
      • “NEW INFORMATION”……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 44
      • STALENESS……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 45
      • “MOTION TO SUPPRESS” IS THE PROPER VEHICLE TO CHALLENGE THE VERACITY OF THE RECITALS IN A SEARCH WARRANT AFFIDAVIT………………………………………………………………………………….. 45
      • EXCEEDING THE SCOPE OF THE WARRANT……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 45
      • OFF-SITE SEARCHES, KEEPING ONLY WHAT IS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE WARRANT………………………………………………………………………………….. 45
      • SEARCH WITHOUT A WARRANT……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 46
      • STATE SEARCH IN FEDERAL COURT……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 46
    • DIFFERENT TYPES OF SEARCHES 46
    • SEIZURES FROM THE PERSON: 47
      • PROBABLE CAUSE MUST BE INDIVIDUALIZED…………………………………………………………………………………….. 47
      • IMMIGRATION “FACTORY SURVEYS”…………………………………………………………………………………….. 48
      • CANNOT EVEN “FRISK” FOR WEAPONS WITHOUT REASONABLE SUSPICION DIRECTED AT A PARTICULAR PERSON……………………………………………………………………….. 48
      • INFORMANTS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 49
      • SEARCH INCIDENT TO ARREST…………………………………………………………………………………….. 50
      • STRIP SEARCH OF TEMPORARY DETAINEES AND PRISONERS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 51
      • DEMAND THAT VISITORS COMING INTO A JAIL UNDERGO BODY CAVITY SEARCHES HELD UNCONSTITUTIONAL……………………………………………………………………….. 52
      • PROBABLE CAUSE TO ARREST OR SEARCH IS SUM OF SHARED INFORMATION
      • ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 52
      • MUST BE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN OFFICERS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 52
      • SEIZURE OF BLOOD…………………………………………………………………………………….. 52
      • DRUG TESTING CONSTITUTES A SEARCH…………………………………………………………………………………….. 52
      • BODY CAVITY SEARCHES IN JAIL……………… Error! Bookmark not
      • BODILY INTRUSIONS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 53
    • FROM AN AUTOMOBILE 53
      • REQUIREMENT OF A WARRANT FOR CONTAINERS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 53
      • BRIGHT LINE RULE: SEARCH INCIDENT TO AUTO ARREST…………………………………………………………………………………….. 54
      • NEW YORK BELTON’S “BRIGHT LINE RULE” GETTING DIMMER…………………………………………………………………………………….. 55
      • COURTS RETICENT TO ACCEPT POLICE JUSTIFICATION PRETEXT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 55
      • “CUSTODIAL ARREST” REQUIREMENT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 55
      • PROTECTIVE TERRY SEARCH OF VEHICLE’S PASSENGER COMPARTMENT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
      • INVESTIGATIVE STOP OF A MOTOR VEHICLE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 58
      • SOBRIETY CHECKPOINT APPROVED…………………………………………………………………………………….. 59
      • MUST AN “INVENTORY SEARCH” BE LIMITED TO ITS PURPORTED PURPOSE? 59 INVENTORY SEARCH……………………………………………………………………….. 59
      • FROM AUTOMOBILE TO INVENTORY AND BACK AGAIN…………………………………………………………………………………….. 60
      • POLICE REGULATIONS REGARDING IMPOUNDING AND INVENTORYING VEHICLES……………………………………………………………………….. 60
      • MUST BE STANDARD POLICY OR REGULATION…………………………………………………………………………………….. 61
      • INFORMANT’S TIP MAY DISPATCH WITH WARRANT REQUIREMENT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 62
      • COMPOUNDING INFERENCES: ANONYMOUS TIP CORROBORATED BY INNOCENT ACTIVITY……………………………………………………………………….. 62
      • CONTAINERS NOT INSIDE A VEHICLE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 62
      • “STATION HOUSE” INVENTORY…………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
      • RIGHT TO BE ADVISED OF ALTERNATIVES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
      • WHAT TYPE OF CONTAINERS ARE PROTECTED?…………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
    • FROM A MOTORCYCLE 65
    • FROM VESSELS 65
      • VESSELS ON THE HIGH SEAS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 66
      • FOREIGN VESSELS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 66
      • WHEN IS A VEHICLE/VESSEL A HOME…………………………………………………………………………………….. 66
      • AN AIRPLANE IS NOT AN AUTOMOBILE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 67
    • FROM PREMISES: 67
      • CONTAINERS WITHIN THE HOME…………………………………………………………………………………….. 67
      • STATE STATUTES MAY LIMIT WHAT ITEMS MAY BE SEARCHED FOR…………………………………………………………………………………….. 68
      • WARRANTLESS ENTRY AND SECURING OF HOME…………………………………………………………………………………….. 68
      • FORCIBLE ENTRY OF PREMISES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 70
      • KNOCK AND ANNOUNCE [18 S.C. 3109]…………………………………………………………………………………….. 70
      • FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH “KNOCK AND ANNOUNCE” REQUIREMENT NOT EXCLUDED……………………………………………………………………….. 70
    • AT AIRPORTS 71
      • DRUG COURIER PROFILE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 71
      • MERELY APPROACHING INDIVIDUAL IN PUBLIC PLACE NOT FOURTH AMENDMENT “SEIZURE” AND THEREFORE REQUIRES NEITHER “PROBABLE CAUSE” NOR “REASONABLE SUSPICION”……………………………………………………………………….. 72
      • TAKING A JOG…………………………………………………………………………………….. 73
      • EVEN OFFICER’S STATEMENT “I’M A POLICEMAN”, WITHOUT MORE DOES NOT CONVERT THE ENCOUNTER INTO A SEIZURE……………………………………………………………………….. 73
      • NOR DOES BRIEFLY QUESTIONING PASSENGER AND REQUESTING CONSENT TO SEARCH CONVERT THE ENCOUNTER INTO A SEIZURE……………………………………………………………………….. 73
      • ACCUSATORY STATEMENT CONSTITUTES “SEIZURE”…………………………………………………………………………………….. 74
      • DEFENDANT MUST BE HALTED BEFORE HE IS SEIZED…………………………………………………………………………………….. 74
      • LENGTH OF STOP MUST BE BRIEF…………………………………………………………………………………….. 75
      • DETAINING LUGGAGE FOR ANY SIGNIFICANT PERIOD OF TIME CONSTITUTES A SEIZURE……………………………………………………………………….. 76
      • ASKING PASSENGER TO ACCOMPANY OFFICER TO “OFFICE” CONSTITUTES AN ARREST……………………………………………………………………….. 77
      • STOPS AT TWO DIFFERENT AIRPORTS “PRESUMES” AN ARREST REQUIRING PROBABLE CAUSE……………………………………………………………………….. 77
      • EVEN WHERE INDIVIDUAL TRAVELING UNDER AN “ASSUMED NAME”, DRUG COURIER PROFILE ALONE DOES NOT CONSTITUTE “PROBABLE CAUSE”……………………………………………………………………….. 78
      • FLIGHT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 78
      • EXPLOITATION OF AIRPORT SECURITY POINTS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 79
      • THREE LEVELS OF POLICE CITIZEN CONTACT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 79
      • FOURTH AMENDMENT REQUIRES DETERMINATION OF PROBABLE CAUSE TO DETAIN INDIVIDUAL ARRESTED WITHOUT A WARRANT……………………………………………………………………….. 79
      • RETURN TO McNABB/MALLORY RULE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 80
      • “DRUG COURIER PROFILE” DOES NOT CONSTITUTE “REASONABLE SUSPICION”
      • ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 80
    • AUTO “DRUG COURIER” STOPS 82
      • ADAPTING THE FACTS SOURCE OF DISTRIBUTION CITY…………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
      • FIRST/LAST OFF AIRCRAFT…………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
      • WALKING FAST OR WALKING SLOW…………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
      • NERVOUSNESS/CALMNESS DURING POLICE ENCOUNTER…………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
      • STARING AT NON-UNIFORMED OFFICERS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 84
      • DAMNED IF YOU DO – DAMNED IF YOU DON’T…………………………………………………………………………………….. 85
      • NERVOUSLY LOOKING AROUND…………………………………………………………………………………….. 85
      • “SUSPICIOUS MINDS” AT THE BORDER…………………………………………………………………………………….. 86
      • SUSPICIOUS TIMES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 86
      • DAYTIME…………………………………………………………………………………….. 86
      • NIGHTTIME…………………………………………………………………………………….. 86
      • RIDING HIGH OR RIDING LOW…………………………………………………………………………………….. 87
      • OUT-OF-STATE LICENSE PLATES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 87
      • OTHER SUSPICIOUS VEHICLES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 88
      • SUSPICIOUS MODUS OPERANDI…………………………………………………………………………………….. 88
      • SUSPICIOUS DRIVING CHARACTERISTICS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 88
      • SUSPICIOUS PASSENGERS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 89
      • SUSPICIOUS WAVE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 89
      • SUSPICIOUS ROADS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 89
      • SUSPICIOUS CHICKEN…………………………………………………………………………………….. 91
      • INVESTIGATIVE STOP AMOUNTS TO SEIZURE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 91
      • “DRUG PACKAGE PROFILE”…………………………………………………………………………………….. 91
    • BORDER SEARCHES 92
      • FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENT OF THE BORDER…………………………………………………………………………………….. 92
      • FIXED CHECKPOINTS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 92
      • JUST ROUTINE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 92
      • BORDER PATROL STOP…………………………………………………………………………………….. 93
      • SEIZING DOCUMENTS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 93
      • SPLIT IN CIRCUITS AS TO STANDARD [“REASONABLE SUSPICION” OR “CLEAR INDICATION” REQUIRED……………………………………………………………………….. 94
      • SUSPECT WHO REFUSES X-RAY MAY BE DETAINED UNTIL HE EXCRETES CONTRABAND……………………………………………………………………….. 94
      • BORDER FRISK…………………………………………………………………………………….. 95
      • LAPTOP COMPUTER SEARCHES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 95
      • BORDER EXIT SEARCHES…………………………………………………………………………………….. 95
    • SCHOOL SEARCHES 96
    • ONE’S CASTLE IS PARTICULARLY PROTECTED 96
      • THE “CURTILAGE” SURROUNDING A HOME IS INCLUDED WITHIN THE AREA OF HEIGHTENED PROTECTION……………………………………………………………………….. 97
      • EVEN GREATER EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY IN ONE’S PERSON THAN ONE’S HOME……………………………………………………………………….. 98
      • REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY…………………………………………………………………………………….. 99
      • NO REASONABLE EXPECTATION…………………………………………………………………………………… 100
      • “NAKED EYE” STANDARD…………………………………………………………………………………… 101
      • “ENHANCED” OBSERVATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………… 101
      • VIDEO CAMERA SEARCH…………………………………………………………………………………… 102
      • GARBAGE…………………………………………………………………………………… 102
    • SEARCHES OF RURAL AREAS AND OPEN FIELDS 102
    • COMMERCIAL PROPERTY 102
    • GOVERNMENT OFFICES 103
      • PERVASIVELY REGULATED INDUSTRIES 103
    • FOURTH AMENDMENT PROTECTIONS UNDER “SAFETY STATUTES” 103
      • SOBRIETY CHECKPOINT APPROVED:…………………………………………………………………………………… 103
    • CANINE SEARCHES: GOING TO THE DOGS 104
      • SNIFFING SCHOOL DOGS…………………………………………………………………………………… 105
      • THE UNTESTED CANINE NOSE…………………………………………………………………………………… 105
      • MARKONI HAS GONE TO THE DOGS…………………………………………………………………………………… 105
    • SEARCHES IMPLICATING THE FIRST AMENDMENT 106
    • CONSENT 107
      • SCOPE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 108
      • CONSENT OF CUSTODIAL ARRESTEE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 108
      • CONSENT FOLLOWING ILLEGAL ARREST……………………………………………………………………………………………… 109
      • DEMONSTRATION OF ATTENUATION……………………………………………………………………………………………… 109
      • POISONED FRUIT DEEMED PALATABLE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 110
      • CONSENT OBTAINED BY FRAUD OR TRICKERY……………………………………………………………………………………………… 110
      • HANDCUFFS……………………………………………………………………………………………… 110
      • DRAWN GUNS……………………………………………………………………………………………… 111
      • ATTACKING POLICE DOGS……………………………………………………………………………………………… 111
      • THIRD PARTY CONSENT……………………………………………………………………………………………… 111
      • APPARENT AUTHORITY TO CONSENT……………………………………………………………………………………………… 111
      • TODDLER UNAUTHORIZED TO CONSENT TO SEARCH OF PARENT’S BEDROOM
      • ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 112
      • SPOUSAL CONSENT……………………………………………………………………………………………… 112
      • CONSENT OF MINORS……………………………………………………………………………………………… 112
      • CONSENT SOUGHT AFTER REQUEST FOR COUNSEL [EDWARDS V. ARIZONA] 112 CONSENT TO SOBRIETY TEST VS. RIGHT TO COMMUNICATE WITH COUNSEL 113 VIDEOTAPED ANSWERS TO POLICE SOBRIETY QUESTIONS………………………………………………………………………………… 113
    • STANDING 114
    • WHO IS PERSON AGGRIEVED? 115
      • ALIEN…………………………………………………………………………………… 115
      • OWNER OF PREMISES…………………………………………………………………………………… 115
      • OWNERSHIP OF ITEM ENTRUSTED TO ANOTHER…………………………………………………………………………………… 115
      • NO PROPRIETARY INTEREST IN DWELLING…………………………………………………………………………………… 116
      • LESSEE…………………………………………………………………………………… 117
      • FAILURE TO ASSERT INTEREST…………………………………………………………………………………… 117
      • FAILURE TO PAY RENT…………………………………………………………………………………… 117
      • MOTEL ROOMS…………………………………………………………………………………… 118
      • MOTEL GUEST’S EXPECTATIONS AFTER CHECKOUT TIME…………………………………………………………………………………… 118
      • MOTEL ROOMS AND EAVESDROPPING NEIGHBORS…………………………………………………………………………………… 118
      • OVERNIGHT TRAIN BERTHS…………………………………………………………………………………… 119
      • CORPORATE OFFICES…………………………………………………………………………………… 119
      • OWNER OF VEHICLE…………………………………………………………………………………… 119
      • POSSESSOR OF VEHICLE…………………………………………………………………………………… 120
      • RESURRECTING STANDING FROM ITS SUPINE POSITION BROWER v. INYO & PENNSYLVANIA BRUDER. (“A WORD MEANS WHAT WE WANT IT TO MEAN”)
      • ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 120
      • RENTAL VEHICLE…………………………………………………………………………………… 121
      • “JOINT VENTURE” OR “CO-CONSPIRATOR” STANDING…………………………………………………………………………………… 122
      • NON-OWNER OF VEHICLE, NOT PRESENT AT SEARCH…………………………………………………………………………………… 122
      • POSSESSORY INTEREST IN DRUGS WILL CONFER STANDING…………………………………………………………………………………… 122
      • LIEN INTEREST IN PROPERTY…………………………………………………………………………………… 123
      • ADDRESSEE & ADDRESSOR BOTH HAVE STANDING TO CONTEST SEARCH OF PACKAGE IN POSSESSION OF COMMON CARRIER……………………………………………………………………… 123
      • DRIVER OF VEHICLE…………………………………………………………………………………… 123
      • PASSENGER OF VEHICLE…………………………………………………………………………………… 123
      • TAXI CABS…………………………………………………………………………………… 123
      • LEGITIMATELY ON PREMISES…………………………………………………………………………………… 124
      • PUBLIC PLACES…………………………………………………………………………………… 124
      • POSSESSORY INTEREST IN ITEMS SEIZED…………………………………………………………………………………… 124
      • CHECKED BAGGAGE…………………………………………………………………………………… 125
      • CHARGED WITH “POSSESSORY CRIME”…………………………………………………………………………………… 125
      • “AUTOMATIC STANDING” NOT DEAD, JUST RESTING…………………………………………………………………………………… 125
      • TESTIMONY BY THE ACCUSED…………………………………………………………………………………… 125
      • FAILURE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF SIMMONS MAY BE CONSIDERED…………………………………………………………………………………… 126
      • STIPULATION AS TO STANDING…………………………………………………………………………………… 126
      • STANDING MAY NOT BE RAISED FOR THE FIRST TIME ON APPEAL…………………………………………………………………………………… 126
      • DETERMINATION OF LEGALITY OF STOP OR SEARCH IN PRIOR PROCEEDING MAY “COLLATERAL ESTOP” RECONSIDERATION OF THAT ISSUE IN SUBSEQUENT PROSECUTION:……………………………………………………………………… 127
      • VICE OF PROSECUTORIAL SELF-CONTRADICTION…………………………………………………………………………………… 127
    • ABANDONMENT 128
      • FRUIT OF THE POISONOUS TREE (AS AN EXCEPTION TO THE LEGITIMATE EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY REQUIREMENT)……………………………………………………………………… 129
      • EXPLICIT LABEL ON CONTAINER DOES NOT CONSTITUTE ABANDONMENT OF PRIVACY EXPECTATION……………………………………………………………………… 129
      • SINGLE PURPOSE CONTAINERS…………………………………………………………………………………… 130
      • NO NEED TO MAKE CLAIM OF OWNERSHIP…………………………………………………………………………………… 130
    • TAINTED EVIDENCE 130
      • FRUIT OF THE POISONOUS TREE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 130
      • TANGIBLE EVIDENCE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 131
      • INEVITABLE DISCOVERY DOCTRINE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 131
      • INDEPENDENT SOURCE DOCTRINE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 131
        • GOVERNMENT HAS BURDEN OF PROOF TO SHOW “INDEPENDENT SOURCE” OF DISCOVERY OF OTHERWISE TAINTED EVIDENCE……………………………………………………………………… 133
        • DISSIPATION OF “TAINT”…………………………………………………………………………………… 133
        • NO “INEVITABLE DISCOVERY” OR “INDEPENDENT SOURCE” EXCEPTION UNDER TEXAS STATUTE……………………………………………………………………… 133
      • IDENTIFICATION……………………………………………………………………………………………… 133
      • ILLEGAL FRUITS AS PROBABLE CAUSE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 133
    • CONFESSIONS 134
      • CONFESSION OBTAINED BY EXPLOITATION OF FOURTH AMENDMENT VIOLATION: 134
        • BURDEN OF PROOF…………………………………………………………………………………… 134
        • WITNESS’ STATEMENTS AND TESTIMONY…………………………………………………………………………………… 134
    • “CUSTODIAL” INTERROGATION: 135
      • BADGE BEARING CELLMATE…………………………………………………………………………………… 136
      • OVERHEARD CONVERSATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………… 137
      • SILENCE IS GOLDEN…………………………………………………………………………………… 138
      • DIFFERENT RULE APPLIED TO SILENCE UNDER TEXAS CONSTITUTION…………………………………………………………………………………… 138
      • PROTECTED PLEA NEGOTIATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………… 138
      • THE FORMER EXCULPATORY “NO” DOCTRINE…………………………………………………………………………………… 139
      • MIRANDA APPLICABLE TO BORDER PATROL ARRESTS…………………………………………………………………………………… 139
      • COERCED CONFESSIONS TO PRIVATE CITIZENS…………………………………………………………………………………… 139
      • CONGRESS CANNOT CHANGE CONSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENT FOR MIRANDA WARNINGS……………………………………………………………………… 139
      • MIRANDA VIOLATION TAINTS PROBABLE CAUSE…………………………………………………………………………………… 140
    • INCRIMINATING STATEMENTS OBTAINED BY EXPLOITATION OF VIOLATION OF RIGHT TO COUNSEL 141
      • POLICE MUST NOTIFY ATTORNEY ONCE SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO COUNSEL HAS ATTACHED……………………………………………………………………… 142
      • STATEMENTS OBTAINED BY VIOLATION OF A DISCIPLINARY RULE…………………………………………………………………………………… 142
      • STATEMENTS INDUCED BY POLICE PROMISES…………………………………………………………………………………… 143
      • FOREIGN CONFESSIONS…………………………………………………………………………………… 144
      • MIRANDA CANNOT GIVETH AND TAKETH AWAY…………………………………………………………………………………… 144
      • REQUESTS FOR COUNSEL…………………………………………………………………………………… 144
      • ONCE INVOKED, FIFTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO COUNSEL CANNOT BE WAIVED WITHOUT COUNSEL’S PRESENCE……………………………………………………………………… 145
      • PRESENCE OF COUNSEL SERVES TO INSURE TRUSTWORTHINESS…………………………………………………………………………………… 146
      • REQUEST BY THIRD PARTY…………………………………………………………………………………… 147
      • AMBIGUOUS REQUEST FOR COUNSEL…………………………………………………………………………………… 147
      • SIXTH AMENDMENT “RIGHT TO COUNSEL” MORE EASILY INVOKED THAN FIFTH AMENDMENT RIGHT……………………………………………………………………… 148
      • PER SE EXCLUSION OF EDWARDS V. ARIZONA APPLIES WHEN RIGHT TO COUNSEL HAS BEEN EXPRESSLY INVOKED……………………………………………………………………… 149
      • RETROACTIVITY OF EDWARDS…………………………………………………………………………………… 149
      • PER SE RULE BECOMES PRESUMPTIVE…………………………………………………………………………………… 150
      • EVEN VOLUNTEERED STATEMENTS HAVE BEEN EXCLUDED…………………………………………………………………………………… 150
      • CANNOT OBTAIN WAIVER FROM ACCUSED “UNDER THE INFLUENCE”…………………………………………………………………………………… 150
      • WAIVER BY MENTALLY RETARDED ACCUSED MUST BE MADE KNOWINGLY AND INTELLIGENTLY……………………………………………………………………… 150
      • SNITCHING CELLMATE…………………………………………………………………………………… 150
      • RESURRECTION OF McNABB/MALLORY RULE…………………………………………………………………………………… 151
    • REMEDY FOR FIFTH AMENDMENT VIOLATION OF ILLEGALLY OBTAINED CONFESSION IS MOTION TO SUPPRESS AND HEARING: 151
    • “IMPEACHMENT” USE OF ILLEGALLY OBTAINED EVIDENCE 152
    • ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE 153
      • FORM OVER SUBSTANCE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 153
      • PEN REGISTER……………………………………………………………………………………………… 153
      • OTHER ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………… 154
      • BURDEN OF PROOF……………………………………………………………………………………………… 154
      • ELECTRONIC TRACKING DEVICES (“BEEPERS”)……………………………………………………………………………………………… 154
      • INSTALLATION: EXTERIOR OF VEHICLE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 155
      • INSTALLATION: INTERIOR OF VEHICLE……………………………………………………………………………………………… 155
      • INTERIOR OF PARCEL……………………………………………………………………………………………… 155
      • MONITORING: SIGNAL EMITTED FROM INSIDE A “ZONE OF PRIVACY” AND REVEALS FACTS OTHERWISE NOT LEGALLY OBTAINABLE WITHOUT A WARRANT………………………………………………………………………………… 156
      • MONITORING: SIGNAL EMITTED FROM INSIDE A “ZONE OF PRIVACY” BUT REVEALS ONLY FACTS WHICH CAN BE LEGALLY OBTAINED WITHOUT A WARRANT………………………………………………………………………………… 156
      • DURATION OF TRACKING……………………………………………………………………………………………… 157
      • STANDING TO CONTEST INSTALLATION……………………………………………………………………………………………… 158
      • USE OF ILLEGALLY OBTAINED EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF WIRETAP APPLICATION………………………………………………………………………………… 158
      • DEFENDANT AS EAVESDROPPER……………………………………………………………………………………………… 159
    • PERSONS ON PROBATION: 160
      • PROBATIONER’S FOURTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS……………………………………………………………………………………………… 160
      • PROBATIONERS FIFTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS……………………………………………………………………………………………… 160
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